Pick from the petite form-fitting babydoll style or standard regular fit womens style. Please refer to our sizing chart for measurements.This design also available as a men’s tee shirt, and a men’s hoodie and sweat shirt in our other amazon.com listings.

Price:

Click here to buy from Amazon

Caterpillar 836G Landfill Compactor – Item features articulated steering; oscillating rear wheels; left and right swing out stairs; dozer blade raises and lowers; and authentic all metal wheels with PlusTips.

Price:

Click here to buy from Amazon

Pick from the petite form-fitting babydoll style or standard regular fit womens style. Please refer to our sizing chart for measurements.This design also available as a men’s tee shirt, and a men’s hoodie and sweat shirt in our other amazon.com listings.

Price:

Click here to buy from Amazon

Focuses on actual, state-of-the-art design/construction procedures as opposed to a discussion of solid waste management issues and to general descriptions and/or conceptual designs. Provides an integrated package of analytical tools, design equations, and step-by-step construction procedures for all elements of a landfill, giving the reader a better sense of the necessary site investigation, planning, analysis, and organization that go into a landfill design and construction project. The characteristics of landfill containment envelopes and their design/construction are treated in detail. Physico-chemical and engineering properties of solid waste that are relevant and important to landfill design and construction are tabulated and described. Includes explanation of how to evaluate and assess potential problems that affect landfill performance such as sideslope stability, settlement, containment effectiveness, and erosion control. Discusses vertical landfill expansion; how leachate moves across a liner or barrier under both advection and diffusion; compares the containment effectiveness of different liner systems to the combined advective-diffusive transport of dissolved leachate solutes. Includes a detailed explanation with numerical examples and calculations of how to design a gas collection and piping system in a landfillâ??including the collection and handling of condensate in the gas. Detailed installation and inspection guidelines are provided for both earthen and geosynthetic liner/cover systemsâ??comparing the relative advantages and limitations of each. For professional training courses in Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering.

Price: $130.00

Click here to buy from Amazon

Trashed is a provocative investigation of one of the fastest growing industries in North America. The garbage business. The film examines a fundamental element of modern American culture…the disposal of what our society defines as “waste.” It is an issue influenced by every American, most of whom never consider the consequences. Nor, it seems, the implications to our biosphere. At times humorous, but deeply poignant, “Trashed” examines the American waste stream fast approaching a half billion tons annually.

What are the effects all this waste will have on already strained natural resources? Why is so much of it produced? While every American creates almost 5 pounds of it every day, who is affected most? And who wants America to make more?

The film analyzes the causes and effects of the seemingly innocuous act of “taking out the garbage” while showcasing the individuals, activists, corporate and advocacy groups working to affect change and reform the current model. “Trashed” is an informative and thought-provoking film everyone interested in the future of sustainability should see.

This product is manufactured on demand using DVD-R recordable media. Amazon.com’s standard return policy will apply.

Price: $19.99

Click here to buy from Amazon

(This is an independent product and the views expressed are independent of this blog site, and are those of the author. Landfill CQA receives payment of a commission from Amazon for any copies of this product sold)

There is very little information available about the motivations and origins of the design principles behind the work of a landfill CQA engineer, so we decided to write this (based on a 1994 paper by Harris, Knox and Walker).

CQA principles must logically be applied to all landfills where the wastes accepted potentially pose a risk of water pollution, mainly those accepting household, commercial and industrial wastes. These wastes account for a relatively small proportion of total waste arisings (approximately 20% of the UK’s total of 516 Mt (3), the rest being demolition waste, mining and smelting wastes, fly ash from power stations, sewage sludge and agricultural wastes). Nonetheless, this fraction presents the most intractable difficulties of the total.

Whilst the nature of the wastes deposited in landfills may have evolved through man’s history, the operational methods until recently, remained largely unchanged and unsophisticated.

Over the last forty years or so, a much wider understanding of processes involved in waste stabilization has been developed. This has coincided with a worldwide increasing environmental awareness leading to demands for environmental improvements.

These demands are well founded, in fact although clean unpolluted UK water supplies are, as everywhere, vital for the survival of the population some experts have suggested that as much as one third of all UK groundwater supplies are now contaminated to some extent by pollutants. If the rate of damage to our water resources was sustained for another century the situation would have become extremely serious for public health, even without the further pressures on water supply anticipated from climate change.

Legislation in the UK has matched public demands for change, by the implementation of Directives issued by the Council of the European Communities. Most importantly in the 1980s, the introduction of the Groundwater Directive has caused an evolution in the standards of site preparation works and operational practice being demanded for all new landfill projects in order to prevent pollution of the water environment.

This evolution was accelerated by the inception of the National Rivers Authority in 1989 and the introduction of their Groundwater Protection Policy in December 1992.

The changed requirements have led largely to the discontinuation of the “attenuate and disperse” concept of landfill with the emphasis now on “engineered containment and operational safeguards”.

This is generally achieved by the installation of either an engineered clay liner or a composite liner, so called because it combines the use of natural materials (e.g. compacted clay) with polymeric membranes, otherwise known as flexible membrane liners (FMLs). Using these materials, emphasis is placed on preventing the release of leachate into the geologic environment.

In addition, there are concomitant operational requirements considered necessary to limit further the potential for leachate release from the site. There are two broad components.

The first is concerned with the limitation of leachate production.

This can be effected by infilling in a series of cells sized on the basis of water balance calculations to (in theory at least) avoid the generation of leachate during the operational phase by utilising the absorptive capacity of the waste.

Rainwater accumulating in other parts of the site can be kept separate and discharged in an uncontaminated condition.

Leachate production is further reduced by progressive capping and restoration of each cell as it is infilled to final levels and by ensuring that these restoration layers are laid to a high standard to prevent rainfall infiltration.

The second component is designed to ensure that any leachate produced can be removed easily from the site.

The composite lining system for engineered containment is protected by a blanket of free draining material incorporating a perforated drainage pipework system. Not only will this prevent mechanical damage to the liner, it will also facilitate the easy removal of leachate, limiting the potential for building up a head of leachate in contact with the liner.

The ability to remove leachate easily from the site must then be supported by a reliable system for its disposal.

This is usually the discharge to public sewer with varying degrees of pre-treatment though more rigorous on-site treatment with discharge to stream is increasingly being used as technical and management standards continue to improve.

The broad concepts behind this approach have been accepted and practised in the UK since the mid 1980s.

However, operational experience continued to highlight design and installation problems. Subsequently further design and landfill construction (base and capping) guidance and regulations were introduced through enactment of legislation on site licensing, and then permitting (under IPPC Regs – now known as Environmental Permits), driven by the Landfill Directive, and the amended Waste Directive.

The CQC and CQA engineering carried out as part of Landfill CQA is tasked with ensuring that the final link in the chain is achieved by verifying that the complaint design is fully implemented and achieved or exceeded during site construction.

This is a serious responsibility for the landfill CQC and CQA professionals when one considers the extremely high importance highlighted earlier to all future generations that we get this right, and the water environment does not become further damaged by pollution from landfills.

Inferior geocomposite drainage layers threaten landfill slips

Whether or not due to recessionary pressures on profits for contractors, or inexperienced contractors bidding outside their normal expertise and winning landfill/geo-engineering work, environmental experts ABG are reporting that inappropriate separation layers are increasingly being offered in drainage layer geotextiles.

These inferior materials crush, or simply bend under the normal soil loading and the drainage path between the underside of landfill capping sub-soils, and the low permeability capping layer which these drainage geotextile composites are intended to provide becomes non-existent.

The very real concern is that if these defective materials are accepted for use in the works, slip failures on the restored landfill surfaces will be inevitable during wet weather conditions. Water will build up on the layer between the top of the capping layer and the sub-soil creating a slip plane, and eventual failure.

The remediation costs after such slips, and disruption to use of the land, caused are to be avoided at all cost. Contractors and Designers and Site Engineers accepting geotextile drainage materials which subsequently block when the drainage path void becomes flattened and filled with soil, could also quite possibly be sued for negligence after such slip failures.

And yet, use of such materials is easily avoided by carrying out a simple test which can be carried out in less than 60 seconds on a small sample of any drainage geotextile composite offered. It is done by squeezing in the hand a sample (geomembrane, protection layer and the drainage stone (equivalent) layer) of the material between two resilient rubber pads to imitate the soft pressure exerted by the soil.

Inspection of the extent to which compression of the separation layer can be seen to occur is a good indication of their capability. Low performance of geocomposite drainage layers is due to combinations of drainage core compression and textile intrusion into the drainage core. Some products on offer will compress visibly to the point that the drainage void space can be seen to have been greatly reduced, and some very inferior samples show almost complete loss of open drainage voids.

Other more rigorous tests should also be considered appropriate to the application of these materials, but by use of this simple action alone the worst performing products would be discounted.

Goran Erak, Business Development Director for ABG, Environmental Geosynthetics and producers of the original Pozidrain product is very concerned about the loss of reputation of drainage geo-composites posed to the landfill remediation and restoration industry by the use of inferior products. He gave my company a set of rubber pads to use when we are offered these materials, plus a sample of their Pozidrain product, which shows no such problems.

Goran was also keen to point out that reliance on the supplier’s data on plate compression testing could also bring problems unless the supplier/manufacturer’s test protocol was checked in detail. Test results offered by some suppliers had been found to show compliance for stiff steel plate tests, whereas soft pads would give an entirely different and more accurate reflection of soil conditions in-situ. It is the requirement that standard flow capacity test must be carried out with soft platens, so any use of hard platens is a non standard test.

Landfill reclamation in varies guises is becoming more popular in many areas. The most common form of landfill reclamation seldom gets reported is such, and it comprises the removal of waste from brownfield sites where old landfills were present. These are usually quite small tips, and quite often due to there age there are very few problems in moving them, into new lined areas. Odours that might have caused distress to neighbours are gone and it is simply a matter of clearing and cleaning the land for development, removing a constraint which would otherwise have prevented redevelopment of the land This may be either due to regulatory requirements or risks of foundation settlement, and/or possible landfill gas present.

Reclamation can make sense economically too, for shallow and very old landfills. In addition to raising the land value once it can again be used for development the continuing liability to the owner of any old landfill will also be reduced by reclamation. It is easy to forget that old landfill sites must be monitored on a regular basis to make sure they are not causing pollution and are safe from such matters as gas migration iot nearby houses and factories.

The responsibility for this monitoring rests with the local Environmental Protection Authority (Environment Agency England and Wales) (EPA/EA) and landfill operators themselves. Landfill gas removal diminishes the potential for landfill contaminants to travel as a gas and dissolve into the groundwater. The regulatory aim is always to protect the public’s health and safety from the potential for the landfill gases to concentrate in enclosed areas where harmful vapours could be inhaled or an explosive atmosphere could occur.

Landfill mining also achieves landfill reclamation and is carried out for a slightly different purpose. Landfill mining is all about recovering valuable metals, producing high quality fertiliser and retrieving construction materials. In some nations carrying out this sort of reclamation is used to make available real-estate that was once considered lost forever.

However, concerns arise about the release of landfill gas and odours during reclamation works. Landfill gas has an unpleasant odour that can cause headaches or nausea. The odour, however, is more irritating than a hazard to health as it can contain carcinogenic compounds. Landfill gas escapes should be monitored at least quarterly at agreed points around the site perimeter to check for migration. A gas collection system may be installed that will enable gas to be sucked out of the wastes and collected and the collected gas be converted into energy.

During landfill reclamation it has been reported that waste material has proved much harder to sort, and the actual productivity has been much lower than originally estimated in feasibility studies.

Gas Plasma technology is being sold to carry out landfill reclamation projects in the US, and the most favoured technologies will not require manual sorting. In gas plasma plants, waste material is fed into a specially designed chamber and the intense heat of the plasma breaks down organic molecules (such as oil, solvents, and paint) into their elemental atoms. In a carefully controlled process, these atoms recombine into harmless gases such as carbon dioxide. This is why gas plasma is described as a mass destruction method.

Landfill reclamation can remediate groundwater contamination problems. Groundwater moves slowly and continuously through the open spaces in soil and rock below ground. If a landfill contaminates groundwater, a plume of contamination will occur. Groundwater, surface water, soils and sediments ons ite become contaminated. In most cases, and routinely, monitoring wells have to be provided around landfills in areas likely to detect leakage (e.g., downstream of the groundwater flow).

It is a sad fact that in many countries environmental contamination from landfills is entering watercourses and underground aquifers at alarming rates. Liner breaches, if indeed the landfill was even lined to start, are not uncommon. Landfill reclamation can at as stroke return land to normal uses especially housing, and by placing the existing waste in a new environmentally sound landfill also remove pollution.

Space is becoming the biggest issue. We have little enough space in most cities already, so we can hardly afford to effectively sterilise land above landfills forever. Space is even seen as becoming increasingly scarce throughout the United States, particularly in the more densely populated urban and coastal areas. Old closed landfills as time goes on will eventually take up massive tracts of land, and the use of that land will be very limited unless extension reclamation of these old landfills can be carried out.